Summary The threat of Islamist violent extremism and terrorism in Serbia has reduced. Not only are there are a small numbers of foreign fighters and returnees, but there are now few extremist who could be labeled as violent. The demise of ISIS and its ideological attractiveness has contributed significantly to the lowered threat of violent extremism. What raises concerns however is the fact that there is a growing number of non-violent and not-now-violent Islamist extremists who could be radicalised in the future, if the balance of influencing factors take effect. It should be also noted that far right extremism is gaining support in Serbia and that both forms of extremism could have reinforcing effects on each other. This is possible not only when combined with a variety of socio-economic push factors that are still present, but they are also worsening, causing increasing number of people, especially young people, to become frustrated, and thus vulnerable to extremism as an alternative option. This paper strongly advocates for the introduction of long term measures that would address relative deprivation problem in Serbia as a foundation for mid and short term policy measures. Without addressing problems related to good governance and development, mid and short-term measures would yield only temporary results.

•Long term measures - improving the economic situation, reducing poverty and (political) corruption in Serbia, which would reduce inequality and improve equality of opportunity that would enable people to better meet their own needs.

 •Medium term measures – reform of religious and civic education by: improving the quality of teaching methods and materials; professionalisation of teachers; learning about other religions, also from sociological and historical perspectives; and emphasising critical thinking.

•Short term measures – improving how central media reports about Sandžak region and thus contributing to toning down of “siege mentality”.